CMV retinitis is less common in developing countries compared to developed countries and the HIV infected in the developing countries are more prone to infections by toxoplasma, tuberculosis (TB), and herpes zoster virus (HZV). There is also a difference in the infection patterns seen in developed and developing countries. It is suggested that greater lifespans of patients with HIV result in increasing numbers of patients with opportunistic infections of the retina. Diseases of the retina and choroid are extremely common in HIV patients and may cause visual loss. Studies suggest that between 5% to 25% of all HIV patients in developing countries may become blind in their lifetime.
EpidemiologyĪs of December 2006, the WHO estimates that, globally, there are about 39.5 million people infected with HIV. Image result for cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is thought to be one of the commonest vision-threatening posterior segment manifestation of HIV, but its incidence is declining in the highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era. HIV microvasculopathy is considered to be the commonest posterior segment HIV manifestation and is seen in 40% to 60% of HIV-positive patients. Retinopathy in HIV/AIDS may be due to microvasculopathy or opportunistic infections or malignancies. CDC defines AIDS as being present when there is an AIDS-defining disease or a CD4 T cell count less than 200/microliters. The natural history of an untreated HIV infected person can be divided into three stages namely, stages of primary infection, clinical latency, and finally the stage of opportunistic infections, called AIDS. HIV is a retrovirus that replicates in CD 4 T lymphocytes transmitted by exposure to blood and other body fluids. HIV retinopathy is fairly common in HIV positive patients and is the most common cause of loss of vision in these patients. Ocular manifestations are commonly seen in HIV patients, and the first description of the same was by Maclean more than 20 years ago. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes a multisystemic disease called Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Summarize interprofessional team strategies for improving care coordination and communication to advance the treatment of HIV retinopathy and improve patient outcomes.Review the treatment and management options available for HIV retinopathy.Describe the typical presentation of a patient with HIV retinopathy.Identify the pathophysiology of HIV retinopathy.This activity describes the pathophysiology, evaluation, and management of HIV retinopathy and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in the caring for affected patients. Ocular manifestations are commonly seen in HIV patients. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus which causes a multisystemic disease called acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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